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Maya city
Maya cities were the centres of population of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica. They served the specialised roles of administration, commerce, manufacturing and religion that characterised ancient cities worldwide.〔Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.71.〕 Maya cities tended to be more dispersed than cities in other societies, even within Mesoamerica, as a result of adaptation to a lowland tropical environment that allowed food production amidst areas dedicated to other activities.〔 They lacked the grid plans of the highland cities of central Mexico, such as Teotihuacán and Tenochtitlan.〔Graham 2005, p.4.〕 Maya kings ruled their kingdoms from palaces that were situated within the centre of their cities.〔Martin & Grube 2000, p.15.〕 Cities tended to be located in places that controlled trade routes or that could supply essential products.〔Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.85.〕 This allowed the elites that controlled trade to increase their wealth and status.〔 Such cities were able to construct temples for public ceremonies, thus attracting further inhabitants to the city.〔 Those cities that had favourable conditions for food production, combined with access to trade routes were likely to develop into the capital cities of early Maya states.〔
The political relationship between Classic Maya city-states has been likened to the relationships between city-states in Classical Greece and Renaissance Italy.〔 Some cities were linked to each other by straight limestone causeways, known as ''sacbeob'', although whether the exact function of these roads was commercial, political or religious has not been determined.〔
==Architectural organisation==
Maya cities were not formally planned like the cities of highland Mexico and were subject to irregular expansion, with the haphazard addition of palaces, temples and other buildings.〔Olmedo Vera 1997, p.34.〕 Most Maya cities tended to grow outwards from the core, and upwards as new structures were superimposed upon preceding architecture.〔Miller 1999, p.25.〕 Maya cities usually had a ceremonial and administrative centre surrounded by a vast irregular sprawl of residential complexes.〔 The centres of all Maya cities featured sacred precincts, sometimes separated from nearby residential areas by walls.〔Schele & Mathews 1999, p.23.〕 These precincts contained pyramid temples and other monumental architecture dedicated to elite activities, such as basal platforms that supported administrative or elite residential complexes.〔Schele & Mathews 1999, p.24.〕 Sculpted monuments were raised to record the deeds of the ruling dynasty.〔 City centres also featured plazas, sacred ballcourts and buildings used for marketplaces and schools.〔 Frequently causeways linked the centre to outlying areas of the city.〔 Some of these classes of architecture formed lesser groups in the outlying areas of the city, which served as sacred centres for non-royal lineages.〔 The areas adjacent to these sacred compounds included residential complexes housing wealthy lineages.〔 Art excavated from these elite residential complexes varies in quality according to the rank and prestige of the lineage that it housed.〔 The largest and richest of these elite compounds sometimes possessed sculpture and art of craftsmanship equal to that of royal art.〔
The ceremonial centre of the Maya city was where the ruling elite lived, and where the administrative functions of the city were performed, together with religious ceremonies. It was also where the inhabitants of the city gathered for public activities.〔 Elite residential complexes occupied the best land around the city centre, while commoners had their residences dispersed further away from the ceremonial centre.〔Olmedo Vera 1997, p.35.〕 Residential units were built on top of stone platforms to raise them above the level of the rain season floodwaters.〔
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